Act Comparison: Indian Evidence Act, 1872 vs The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023

Old Act Section	New Act Section	Notes
1 - Short title, extent and commencement	1 - Short title, application and commencement
3 - Interpretation clause	2 - Definitions	Definitions. (Change)
4 - "May presume"	2 - Definitions
5 - Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts	3 - Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts
6 - Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction	4 - Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction
7 - Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue	5 - Facts which are occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue or relevant facts
8 - Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct	6 - Motive, Preparation and previous or subsequent conduct
9 - Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts	7 - Facts necessary to explain or introduce fact in issue or relevant facts
10 - Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design	8 - Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design
11 - When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant	9 - When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant
12 - In suits for damages, facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant	10 - Facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant in suits for damages
13 - Facts relevant when right or custom is in question	11 - Facts relevant when right or custom is in question
14 - Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling	12 - Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling	Only numbering change
15 - Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional	13 - Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional
16 - Existence of course of business when relevant	14 - Existence of course of business when relevant
17 - Admission defined	15 - Admission defined
18 - Admission-by party to proceeding or his agent	16 - Admission by party to proceeding or his agent
19 - Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit	17 - Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit
20 - Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit	18 - Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit
21 - Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf	19 - Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf
22 - When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant	20 - When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant
22 - When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant	Schedule - Certificate	Deleted
22A - When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant	20 - When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant
22A - When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant	Schedule - Certificate	Deleted
23 - Admission in civil cases relevant	21 - Admissions in civil cases when relevant
24 - Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise when irrelevant in criminal proceedings	22 - Confession caused by inducement, threat, coercion or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding
25 - Confession to police officer not to be proved	23 - Confession to police officer
26 - Confession by accused while in custody of police not to be proved against him	23 - Confession to police officer
27 - How much of information received from accused may be proved	23 - Confession to police officer	23. Proviso
28 - Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant	22 - Confession caused by inducement, threat, coercion or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding	22. Proviso 1
29 - Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc.	22 - Confession caused by inducement, threat, coercion or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding	22. Proviso 2
30 - Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence	24 - Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence
31 - Admission not conclusive proof, but may estop	25 - Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop
32 - Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc, is relevant	26 - Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant
33 - Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth of facts therein stated	27 - Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, truth of facts therein stated
34 - Entries in books of account when relevant	28 - Entries in books of account when relevant
35 - Relevancy of entry in public record made in performance of duty	29 - Relevancy of entry in public record or an electronic record made in performance of duty
36 - Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans	30 - Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans
37 - Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature, contained in certain acts or notifications	31 - Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications
38 - Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law-books	32 - Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law books including electronic or digital form
39 - What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers.	33 - What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers
40 - Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial	34 - Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial
41 - Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc. jurisdiction	35 - Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction
42 - Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 41	36 - Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 35
43 - Judgment, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 40 to 42, when relevant	37 - Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 34, 35 and 36 when relevant
44 - Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved	38 - Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved
45 - Opinions of experts	39 - Opinions of experts
45 - Opinions of experts	39 - Opinions of experts
46 - Facts bearing upon opinions of experts	40 - Facts bearing upon opinions of experts
47 - Opinion as to handwriting, when relevant	41 - Opinion as to handwriting and signature, when relevant
47 - Opinion as to handwriting, when relevant	41 - Opinion as to handwriting and signature, when relevant
47A - Opinion as to digital signature where relevant	41 - Opinion as to handwriting and signature, when relevant
47A - Opinion as to digital signature where relevant	41 - Opinion as to handwriting and signature, when relevant
48 - Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant	42 - Opinion as to existence of general custom or right, when relevant
49 - Opinion as to usage, tenets, etc., when relevant	43 - Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant
50 - Opinion on relationship, when relevant	44 - Opinion on relationship, when relevant
52 - In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant	46 - In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant
53 - In criminal cases previous good character relevant	47 - In criminal cases previous good character relevant
53 - In criminal cases previous good character relevant	48 - Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases
54 - Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply	49 - Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply
55 - Character as affecting damages	50 - Character as Affecting damages
56 - Fact Judicially noticeable need not be proved	51 - Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved
57 - Facts of which Court must take judicial notice	52 - Facts of which Court shall take judicial notice
58 - Facts admitted need not be proved	53 - Facts admitted need not be proved
59 - Proof of facts by oral evidence	54 - Proof of facts by oral evidence
60 - Oral evidence must be direct	55 - Oral evidence to be direct
61 - Proof of contents of documents	56 - Proof of contents of documents
62 - Primary evidence	57 - Primary Evidence
63 - Secondary evidence	58 - Secondary Evidence
64 - Proof of documents by primary evidence	59 - Proof of documents by primary evidence
65 - Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given	60 - Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given
65 - Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given	62 - Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record
65 - Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given	63 - Admissibility of electronic records
65A - Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record	60 - Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given
65A - Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record	62 - Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record
65A - Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record	63 - Admissibility of electronic records
65B - Admissibility of electronic records	60 - Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given
65B - Admissibility of electronic records	62 - Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record
65B - Admissibility of electronic records	63 - Admissibility of electronic records
66 - Rules as to notice to produce	64 - Rules as to notice to produce
67 - Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced	65 - Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced
67 - Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced	66 - Proof as to Electronic signature
67A - Proof as to digital signature	65 - Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced
67A - Proof as to digital signature	66 - Proof as to Electronic signature
68 - Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested	67 - Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested
69 - Proof where no attesting witness found	68 - Proof where no attesting witness found
70 - Admission of execution by party to attested document	69 - Admission of execution by party to attested document
71 - Proof when attesting witness denies the execution	70 - Proof when Attesting witness denies execution
72 - Proof of document not required by law to be attested	71 - Proof of document not required by law to be attested
73 - Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved	72 - Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved
73 - Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved	73 - Proof as to verification of digital signature
73A - Proofs as to verification of digital signature	72 - Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved
73A - Proofs as to verification of digital signature	73 - Proof as to verification of digital signature
74 - Public documents	74 - Public and private documents
75 - Private documents	74 - Public and private documents
76 - Certified copies of public documents	75 - Certified copies of public documents
77 - Proof of documents by production of certified copies	76 - Proof of documents by production of certified copies
78 - Proof of other official documents	77 - Proof of other official documents
79 - Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies	78 - Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies
80 - Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence	79 - Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence, etc
81 - Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, private Acts of Parliament and other documents	80 - Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, and other documents
81 - Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, private Acts of Parliament and other documents	81 - Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic or digital record
81A - Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic forms	80 - Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, and other documents
81A - Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic forms	81 - Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic or digital record
82 - Presumption as to document admissible in England without proof of seal or signature	Schedule - Certificate
83 - Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government	82 - Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government
84 - Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions	83 - Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions
85 - Presumption as to powers-of-attorney	84 - Presumption as to powersof-attorney
85 - Presumption as to powers-of-attorney	85 - Presumption as to electronic agreements
85 - Presumption as to powers-of-attorney	86 - Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures
85 - Presumption as to powers-of-attorney	87 - Presumption as to Electronic Signature Certificates
85A - Presumption as to electronic agreements	84 - Presumption as to powersof-attorney
85A - Presumption as to electronic agreements	85 - Presumption as to electronic agreements
85A - Presumption as to electronic agreements	86 - Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures
85A - Presumption as to electronic agreements	87 - Presumption as to Electronic Signature Certificates
85B - Presumption as to electronic record and digital signatures	84 - Presumption as to powersof-attorney
85B - Presumption as to electronic record and digital signatures	85 - Presumption as to electronic agreements
85B - Presumption as to electronic record and digital signatures	86 - Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures
85B - Presumption as to electronic record and digital signatures	87 - Presumption as to Electronic Signature Certificates
85C - Presumption as to Digital Signature Certificates	84 - Presumption as to powersof-attorney
85C - Presumption as to Digital Signature Certificates	85 - Presumption as to electronic agreements
85C - Presumption as to Digital Signature Certificates	86 - Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures
85C - Presumption as to Digital Signature Certificates	87 - Presumption as to Electronic Signature Certificates
86 - Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records	88 - Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records
87 - Presumption as to books, maps and charts	89 - Presumption as to books, maps and charts
88 - Presumption as to books, maps and charts	90 - Presumption as to electronic messages
88 - Presumption as to books, maps and charts	Schedule - Certificate	Deleted
88A - Presumption as to electronic messages	90 - Presumption as to electronic messages
88A - Presumption as to electronic messages	Schedule - Certificate	Deleted
89 - Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced	91 - Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced
90 - Presumption as to documents thirty years old	92 - Presumption as to documents thirty years old
90 - Presumption as to documents thirty years old	93 - Presumption as to electronic records five years old
90A - Presumption as to electronic records five year old	92 - Presumption as to documents thirty years old
90A - Presumption as to electronic records five year old	93 - Presumption as to electronic records five years old
91 - Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document	94 - Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document
92 - Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement	95 - Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement
93 - Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document	96 - Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document
94 - Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts	97 - Exclusion of Evidence against application of document to existing facts
95 - Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts	98 - Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts
96 - Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons	99 - Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons
97 - Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies	100 - Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies
98 - Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc.	101 - Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc
99 - Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document	102 - Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document
100 - Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act, relating to wills	103 - Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills
101 - Burden of proof	104 - Burden of proof
102 - On whom burden of proof lies	105 - On whom burden of proof lies
103 - Burden of proof as to particular fact	106 - Burden of proof as to particular fact
104 - Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible	107 - Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible
105 - Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions.	108 - Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions
106 - Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge	109 - Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge
107 - Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years	110 - Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years
108 - Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years	111 - Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years
109 - Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent	112 - Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent
110 - Burden of proof as to ownership	113 - Burden of proof as to ownership
111 - Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence	114 - Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence
111 - Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence	115 - Presumption as to certain offences
111A - Presumption as to certain offences	114 - Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence
111A - Presumption as to certain offences	115 - Presumption as to certain offences
112 - Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy	116 - Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy
113 - Proof of cession of territory	117 - Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman
113 - Proof of cession of territory	118 - Presumption as to dowry death
113 - Proof of cession of territory	Schedule - Certificate	Deleted
113A - Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married women	117 - Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman
113A - Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married women	118 - Presumption as to dowry death
113A - Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married women	Schedule - Certificate	Deleted
113B - Presumption as to dowry death	117 - Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman
113B - Presumption as to dowry death	118 - Presumption as to dowry death
113B - Presumption as to dowry death	Schedule - Certificate	Deleted
114 - Court may presume existence of certain acts	119 - Court may Presume existence of certain facts
114 - Court may presume existence of certain acts	120 - Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape
114A - Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecutions for rape	119 - Court may Presume existence of certain facts
114A - Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecutions for rape	120 - Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape
115 - Estoppel	121 - Estoppel
116 - Estoppel of tenant; and of license of person in possession	122 - Estoppel of tenant and of licensee of person in possession
117 - Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee	123 - Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee
118 - Who may testify	124 - Who may testify
119 - Dumb witnesses	125 - Witness unable to communicate verbally
120 - Parties to civil suit, and their wives or husbands, Husbands or wife of person under criminal trial	126 - Competency of husband and wife as witnesses in certain cases
121 - Judges and Magistrates	127 - Judges and Magistrates
122 - Communications during marriage	128 - Communications During marriage
123 - Evidence as to affairs of State	129 - Evidence as to affairs of State
124 - Official communications	130 - Official communications
125 - Information as to commission of offences	131 - Information as to commission of offences
126 - Professional communication	132 - Professional communications
127 - Section 126 to apply to interpreters etc.	132 - Professional communications
128 - Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence	133 - Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence
129 - Confidential communications with legal advisers	134 - Confidential communication with legal advisers
130 - Production of title-deeds of witness not a party	135 - Production of title-deeds of witness not a party
131 - Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce	136 - Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce
132 - Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate	137 - Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate
133 - Accomplice	138 - Accomplice
134 - Number of witnesses	139 - Number of witnesses
135 - Order of production and examination of witnesses	140 - Order of production and examination of witnesses
136 - Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence	141 - Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence
137 - Examination in chief	142 - Examination of witnesses
138 - Order of examinations	143 - Order of examinations
139 - Cross-examination of person called to produce a document	144 - Cross-examination of person called to produce a document
140 - Witnesses to character	145 - Witnesses to character
141 - Leading questions	146 - Leading questions
142 - When they must not be asked	146 - Leading questions
143 - When they may be asked	146 - Leading questions
144 - Evidence as to matters in writing	147 - Evidence as to matters in writing
145 - Cross-examination as to previous Statements in writing	148 - Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing
146 - Questions lawful in cross-examination	149 - Questions lawful in cross-examination
147 - When witness to be compelled to answer	150 - When witness to be compelled to answer
148 - Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer	151 - Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer
149 - Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds	152 - Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds
150 - Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds	153 - Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds
151 - Indecent and scandalous questions	154 - Indecent and scandalous questions
152 - Questions intended to insult or annoy	155 - Questions intended to insult or annoy
153 - Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity	156 - Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity
154 - Question by party to his own witness	157 - Question by party to his own witness
155 - Impeaching credit of witness	158 - Impeaching credit of witness
156 - Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible	159 - Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible
157 - Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact	160 - Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact
158 - What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 32 or 33	161 - What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 26 or 27
159 - Refreshing memory	162 - Refreshing memory
160 - Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section 159	163 - Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section 162
161 - Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory	164 - Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory
162 - Productions of documents	165 - Production of documents
163 - Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice	166 - Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice
164 - Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice	167 - Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice
165 - Judge's power to put questions or order production	168 - Judge's power to put questions or order production
166 - Power of jury or assessors to put questions	Schedule - Certificate	Deleted
167 - No new trial for improper admission or rejection or evidence	169 - No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence

1 - Short title, extent and commencement

1 - Short title, application and commencement

3 - Interpretation clause

2 - Definitions

Definitions. (Change)

4 - "May presume"

2 - Definitions

5 - Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts

3 - Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts

6 - Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction

4 - Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction

7 - Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue

5 - Facts which are occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue or relevant facts

8 - Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct

6 - Motive, Preparation and previous or subsequent conduct

9 - Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts

7 - Facts necessary to explain or introduce fact in issue or relevant facts

10 - Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design

8 - Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design

11 - When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant

9 - When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant

12 - In suits for damages, facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant

10 - Facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant in suits for damages

13 - Facts relevant when right or custom is in question

11 - Facts relevant when right or custom is in question

14 - Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling

12 - Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling

Only numbering change

15 - Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional

13 - Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional

16 - Existence of course of business when relevant

14 - Existence of course of business when relevant

17 - Admission defined

15 - Admission defined

18 - Admission-by party to proceeding or his agent

16 - Admission by party to proceeding or his agent

19 - Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit

17 - Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit

20 - Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit

18 - Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit

21 - Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf

19 - Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf

22 - When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant

20 - When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant

22 - When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant

Schedule - Certificate

Deleted

22A - When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant

20 - When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant

22A - When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant

Schedule - Certificate

Deleted

23 - Admission in civil cases relevant

21 - Admissions in civil cases when relevant

24 - Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise when irrelevant in criminal proceedings

22 - Confession caused by inducement, threat, coercion or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding

25 - Confession to police officer not to be proved

23 - Confession to police officer

26 - Confession by accused while in custody of police not to be proved against him

23 - Confession to police officer

27 - How much of information received from accused may be proved

23 - Confession to police officer

23. Proviso

28 - Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant

22 - Confession caused by inducement, threat, coercion or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding

22. Proviso 1

29 - Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc.

22 - Confession caused by inducement, threat, coercion or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding

22. Proviso 2

30 - Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence

24 - Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence

31 - Admission not conclusive proof, but may estop

25 - Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop

32 - Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc, is relevant

26 - Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant

33 - Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth of facts therein stated

27 - Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, truth of facts therein stated

34 - Entries in books of account when relevant

28 - Entries in books of account when relevant

35 - Relevancy of entry in public record made in performance of duty

29 - Relevancy of entry in public record or an electronic record made in performance of duty

36 - Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans

30 - Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans

37 - Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature, contained in certain acts or notifications

31 - Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications

38 - Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law-books

32 - Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law books including electronic or digital form

39 - What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers.

33 - What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers

40 - Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial

34 - Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial

41 - Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc. jurisdiction

35 - Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction

42 - Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 41

36 - Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 35

43 - Judgment, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 40 to 42, when relevant

37 - Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 34, 35 and 36 when relevant

44 - Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved

38 - Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved

45 - Opinions of experts

39 - Opinions of experts

45 - Opinions of experts

39 - Opinions of experts

46 - Facts bearing upon opinions of experts

40 - Facts bearing upon opinions of experts

47 - Opinion as to handwriting, when relevant

41 - Opinion as to handwriting and signature, when relevant

47 - Opinion as to handwriting, when relevant

41 - Opinion as to handwriting and signature, when relevant

47A - Opinion as to digital signature where relevant

41 - Opinion as to handwriting and signature, when relevant

47A - Opinion as to digital signature where relevant

41 - Opinion as to handwriting and signature, when relevant

48 - Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant

42 - Opinion as to existence of general custom or right, when relevant

49 - Opinion as to usage, tenets, etc., when relevant

43 - Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant

50 - Opinion on relationship, when relevant

44 - Opinion on relationship, when relevant

52 - In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant

46 - In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant

53 - In criminal cases previous good character relevant

47 - In criminal cases previous good character relevant

53 - In criminal cases previous good character relevant

48 - Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases

54 - Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply

49 - Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply

55 - Character as affecting damages

50 - Character as Affecting damages

56 - Fact Judicially noticeable need not be proved

51 - Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved

57 - Facts of which Court must take judicial notice

52 - Facts of which Court shall take judicial notice

58 - Facts admitted need not be proved

53 - Facts admitted need not be proved

59 - Proof of facts by oral evidence

54 - Proof of facts by oral evidence

60 - Oral evidence must be direct

55 - Oral evidence to be direct

61 - Proof of contents of documents

56 - Proof of contents of documents

62 - Primary evidence

57 - Primary Evidence

63 - Secondary evidence

58 - Secondary Evidence

64 - Proof of documents by primary evidence

59 - Proof of documents by primary evidence

65 - Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given

60 - Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given

65 - Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given

62 - Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record

65 - Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given

63 - Admissibility of electronic records

65A - Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record

60 - Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given

65A - Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record

62 - Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record

65A - Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record

63 - Admissibility of electronic records

65B - Admissibility of electronic records

60 - Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given

65B - Admissibility of electronic records

62 - Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record

65B - Admissibility of electronic records

63 - Admissibility of electronic records

66 - Rules as to notice to produce

64 - Rules as to notice to produce

67 - Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced

65 - Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced

67 - Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced

66 - Proof as to Electronic signature

67A - Proof as to digital signature

65 - Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced

67A - Proof as to digital signature

66 - Proof as to Electronic signature

68 - Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested

67 - Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested

69 - Proof where no attesting witness found

68 - Proof where no attesting witness found

70 - Admission of execution by party to attested document

69 - Admission of execution by party to attested document

71 - Proof when attesting witness denies the execution

70 - Proof when Attesting witness denies execution

72 - Proof of document not required by law to be attested

71 - Proof of document not required by law to be attested

73 - Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved

72 - Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved

73 - Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved

73 - Proof as to verification of digital signature

73A - Proofs as to verification of digital signature

72 - Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved

73A - Proofs as to verification of digital signature

73 - Proof as to verification of digital signature

74 - Public documents

74 - Public and private documents

75 - Private documents

74 - Public and private documents

76 - Certified copies of public documents

75 - Certified copies of public documents

77 - Proof of documents by production of certified copies

76 - Proof of documents by production of certified copies

78 - Proof of other official documents

77 - Proof of other official documents

79 - Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies

78 - Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies

80 - Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence

79 - Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence, etc

81 - Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, private Acts of Parliament and other documents

80 - Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, and other documents

81 - Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, private Acts of Parliament and other documents

81 - Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic or digital record

81A - Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic forms

80 - Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, and other documents

81A - Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic forms

81 - Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic or digital record

82 - Presumption as to document admissible in England without proof of seal or signature

Schedule - Certificate

83 - Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government

82 - Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government

84 - Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions

83 - Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions

85 - Presumption as to powers-of-attorney

84 - Presumption as to powersof-attorney

85 - Presumption as to powers-of-attorney

85 - Presumption as to electronic agreements

85 - Presumption as to powers-of-attorney

86 - Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures

85 - Presumption as to powers-of-attorney

87 - Presumption as to Electronic Signature Certificates

85A - Presumption as to electronic agreements

84 - Presumption as to powersof-attorney

85A - Presumption as to electronic agreements

85 - Presumption as to electronic agreements

85A - Presumption as to electronic agreements

86 - Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures

85A - Presumption as to electronic agreements

87 - Presumption as to Electronic Signature Certificates

85B - Presumption as to electronic record and digital signatures

84 - Presumption as to powersof-attorney

85B - Presumption as to electronic record and digital signatures

85 - Presumption as to electronic agreements

85B - Presumption as to electronic record and digital signatures

86 - Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures

85B - Presumption as to electronic record and digital signatures

87 - Presumption as to Electronic Signature Certificates

85C - Presumption as to Digital Signature Certificates

84 - Presumption as to powersof-attorney

85C - Presumption as to Digital Signature Certificates

85 - Presumption as to electronic agreements

85C - Presumption as to Digital Signature Certificates

86 - Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures

85C - Presumption as to Digital Signature Certificates

87 - Presumption as to Electronic Signature Certificates

86 - Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records

88 - Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records

87 - Presumption as to books, maps and charts

89 - Presumption as to books, maps and charts

88 - Presumption as to books, maps and charts

90 - Presumption as to electronic messages

88 - Presumption as to books, maps and charts

Schedule - Certificate

Deleted

88A - Presumption as to electronic messages

90 - Presumption as to electronic messages

88A - Presumption as to electronic messages

Schedule - Certificate

Deleted

89 - Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced

91 - Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced

90 - Presumption as to documents thirty years old

92 - Presumption as to documents thirty years old

90 - Presumption as to documents thirty years old

93 - Presumption as to electronic records five years old

90A - Presumption as to electronic records five year old

92 - Presumption as to documents thirty years old

90A - Presumption as to electronic records five year old

93 - Presumption as to electronic records five years old

91 - Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document

94 - Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document

92 - Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement

95 - Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement

93 - Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document

96 - Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document

94 - Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts

97 - Exclusion of Evidence against application of document to existing facts

95 - Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts

98 - Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts

96 - Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons

99 - Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons

97 - Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies

100 - Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies

98 - Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc.

101 - Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc

99 - Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document

102 - Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document

100 - Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act, relating to wills

103 - Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills

101 - Burden of proof

104 - Burden of proof

102 - On whom burden of proof lies

105 - On whom burden of proof lies

103 - Burden of proof as to particular fact

106 - Burden of proof as to particular fact

104 - Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible

107 - Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible

105 - Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions.

108 - Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions

106 - Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge

109 - Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge

107 - Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years

110 - Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years

108 - Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years

111 - Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years

109 - Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent

112 - Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent

110 - Burden of proof as to ownership

113 - Burden of proof as to ownership

111 - Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence

114 - Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence

111 - Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence

115 - Presumption as to certain offences

111A - Presumption as to certain offences

114 - Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence

111A - Presumption as to certain offences

115 - Presumption as to certain offences

112 - Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy

116 - Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy

113 - Proof of cession of territory

117 - Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman

113 - Proof of cession of territory

118 - Presumption as to dowry death

113 - Proof of cession of territory

Schedule - Certificate

Deleted

113A - Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married women

117 - Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman

113A - Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married women

118 - Presumption as to dowry death

113A - Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married women

Schedule - Certificate

Deleted

113B - Presumption as to dowry death

117 - Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman

113B - Presumption as to dowry death

118 - Presumption as to dowry death

113B - Presumption as to dowry death

Schedule - Certificate

Deleted

114 - Court may presume existence of certain acts

119 - Court may Presume existence of certain facts

114 - Court may presume existence of certain acts

120 - Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape

114A - Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecutions for rape

119 - Court may Presume existence of certain facts

114A - Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecutions for rape

120 - Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape

115 - Estoppel

121 - Estoppel

116 - Estoppel of tenant; and of license of person in possession

122 - Estoppel of tenant and of licensee of person in possession

117 - Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee

123 - Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee

118 - Who may testify

124 - Who may testify

119 - Dumb witnesses

125 - Witness unable to communicate verbally

120 - Parties to civil suit, and their wives or husbands, Husbands or wife of person under criminal trial

126 - Competency of husband and wife as witnesses in certain cases

121 - Judges and Magistrates

127 - Judges and Magistrates

122 - Communications during marriage

128 - Communications During marriage

123 - Evidence as to affairs of State

129 - Evidence as to affairs of State

124 - Official communications

130 - Official communications

125 - Information as to commission of offences

131 - Information as to commission of offences

126 - Professional communication

132 - Professional communications

127 - Section 126 to apply to interpreters etc.

132 - Professional communications

128 - Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence

133 - Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence

129 - Confidential communications with legal advisers

134 - Confidential communication with legal advisers

130 - Production of title-deeds of witness not a party

135 - Production of title-deeds of witness not a party

131 - Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce

136 - Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce

132 - Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate

137 - Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate

133 - Accomplice

138 - Accomplice

134 - Number of witnesses

139 - Number of witnesses

135 - Order of production and examination of witnesses

140 - Order of production and examination of witnesses

136 - Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence

141 - Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence

137 - Examination in chief

142 - Examination of witnesses

138 - Order of examinations

143 - Order of examinations

139 - Cross-examination of person called to produce a document

144 - Cross-examination of person called to produce a document

140 - Witnesses to character

145 - Witnesses to character

141 - Leading questions

146 - Leading questions

142 - When they must not be asked

146 - Leading questions

143 - When they may be asked

146 - Leading questions

144 - Evidence as to matters in writing

147 - Evidence as to matters in writing

145 - Cross-examination as to previous Statements in writing

148 - Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing

146 - Questions lawful in cross-examination

149 - Questions lawful in cross-examination

147 - When witness to be compelled to answer

150 - When witness to be compelled to answer

148 - Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer

151 - Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer

149 - Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds

152 - Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds

150 - Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds

153 - Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds

151 - Indecent and scandalous questions

154 - Indecent and scandalous questions

152 - Questions intended to insult or annoy

155 - Questions intended to insult or annoy

153 - Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity

156 - Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity

154 - Question by party to his own witness

157 - Question by party to his own witness

155 - Impeaching credit of witness

158 - Impeaching credit of witness

156 - Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible

159 - Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible

157 - Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact

160 - Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact

158 - What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 32 or 33

161 - What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 26 or 27

159 - Refreshing memory

162 - Refreshing memory

160 - Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section 159

163 - Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section 162

161 - Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory

164 - Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory

162 - Productions of documents

165 - Production of documents

163 - Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice

166 - Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice

164 - Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice

167 - Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice

165 - Judge's power to put questions or order production

168 - Judge's power to put questions or order production

166 - Power of jury or assessors to put questions

Schedule - Certificate

Deleted

167 - No new trial for improper admission or rejection or evidence

169 - No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence